We Will Rise Again Brit Punjab Band

Region in South Asia

Coordinates: 31°N 74°E  /  31°Northward 74°E  / 31; 74

Region in See below

Punjab پنجاب ਪੰਜਾਬ Panjāb
Region
Nickname(s): Land of the five rivers
Location of Punjab in South Asia
Countries	India Islamic republic of pakistan
Areas	See beneath
Expanse
• Total	358,354.5 kmtwo (138,361.4 sq mi)
Population (2011, Republic of india / 2017, Pakistan)[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [seven]
• Full	c. 190 million in India and Pakistan
Demonym(southward)	Panjabi
Demographics
• Ethnic groups	Punjabis Minor: Haryanvis, Himachalis, Dogras, Hindkowans, Saraikis, Pashtuns, Muhajirs, Kashmiris, Biharis[8]
• Languages	Punjabi and others
• Religions	Islam (60%) Hinduism (29%) Sikhism (10%) Christianity (i%) Others (<1%)
Fourth dimension zones	UTC+05:30 (IST (India))
	UTC+05:00 (PKT (Islamic republic of pakistan))
Population, expanse and religious figures based on Punjab province borders

Punjab (; Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬ; Shahmukhi: پنجاب ; Punjabi: [pənˈdʒaːb] ( mind ); besides romanised every bit Panjāb or Panj-Āb)^[a] is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India. The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts.

The geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller expanse betwixt the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.^[x] In British India, until the Partition of Republic of india in 1947, the Punjab Province encompassed the present-twenty-four hours Indian states and union territories of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, and Delhi and the Pakistani regions of Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory. It bordered the Balochistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa regions to the west, Kashmir to the north, the Hindi Belt to the due east, and Rajasthan and Sindh to the south.

The predominant ethnolinguistic group of the Punjab region is the Panjabi people, who speak the Indo-Aryan Punjabi language. Punjabi Muslims are the majority in West Punjab (Pakistan), while Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus are the majority in East Punjab (India). Other religious groups are Christianity, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Ravidassia. The Punjab region was the cradle for the Indus Valley Civilisation. The region had numerous migrations by the Indo-Aryan peoples. The land was later invaded and contested past the Persians, Mauryans, Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Kushans, Macedonians, Ghaznavids, Turkic, Mongols, Timurids, Mughals, Marathas, Arabs, Pashtuns, British, and other peoples. Celebrated foreign invasions mainly targeted the most productive primal region of the Punjab known as the Majha region,^[xi] which is considered the bedrock of Punjabi civilisation and traditions.^[12] The Punjab region is often referred to equally the tum in both Bharat and Pakistan.^{[13] [xiv] [15]}

Etymology [edit]

Though the name Panjab is of Persian origin, its 2 parts ('panj' پنج , panj , 'v' and 'ab' آب , āb , 'h2o') are cognates of the Sanskrit words 'pañca' and 'apa' of the aforementioned meaning.^{[9] [16]} The word pañjāb thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.^[17] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may exist plant in the Mahabharata, which calls one of the regions in ancient Bharat Sanskrit: पञ्चनाद, romanized: pañca-nāda , lit.'five rivers'.^{[xviii] [xix]} Farsi place names are very common in Northwest India and Pakistan. The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamía (Greek: Πενταποταμία),^{[20] [21] [22]} which has the aforementioned meaning every bit the Western farsi discussion.

History [edit]

The Punjab region of Bharat and Pakistan has a historical and cultural link to Indo-Aryan peoples likewise as partially to diverse indigenous communities. Every bit a result of several invasions from Fundamental Asia and the Middle East, many ethnic groups and religions make up the cultural heritage of the Punjab.

In prehistoric times, one of the earliest known cultures of Due south Asia, the Indus Valley Civilisation, was located in the region.

Aboriginal Period [edit]

The epic battles described in the Mahabharata are described every bit being fought in what is now the state of Haryana and historic Punjab. The Gandharas, Kambojas, Trigartas, Andhra, Pauravas, Bahlikas (Bactrian settlers of the Punjab), Yaudheyas, and others sided with the Kauravas in the great battle fought at Kurukshetra.^[23] Co-ordinate to DrFauja Singh and Dr.L.M. Joshi: "There is no incertitude that the Kambojas, Daradas, Kaikayas, Andhra, Pauravas, Yaudheyas, Malavas, Saindhavas, and Kurus had jointly contributed to the heroic tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab."^[24]

Classical catamenia [edit]

In 326 BCE, Alexander the Slap-up invaded Pauravas and defeated King Porus. His armies entered the region via the Hindu Kush in northwest Islamic republic of pakistan and his rule extended up to the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot in northeast Pakistan). By 305BCE the area was ruled by the Maurya Empire. In a long line of succeeding rulers of the area, Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka stand out as the most renowned. The Maurya presence in the area was then consolidated in the Indo-Greek Kingdom in 180BCE.

Menander I Soter ("Menander I the Saviour"; known as Milinda in Indian sources) is the near renowned leader of the era, who conquered Punjab and made Sagala the capital of his Empire.^[25] Menander carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the region till his death in 130BCE.^[26] The neighbouring Seleucid Empire rule came to an finish around 12BCE, after several invasions past the Yuezhi and the Scythian people.^{[ citation needed ]}

Medieval period [edit]

Early on (600s to 1206) [edit]

In 711–713 CE, the eighteen-twelvemonth-old Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim of Taif, a city in what is now Saudi Arabia, came past way of the Arabian Sea with Arab troops to defeat Raja Dahir. BinQasim conquered parts of present-day Sindh and southern Punjab for the Umayyad Caliphate. The newly created state of Sind, encompassing function of Punjab, brought Islamic rule to the region for the first time. Sind would afterward be governed by the Abbasid Caliphate, before fragmenting into v smaller kingdoms, one of which was based in Multan. The remainder of Punjab at this time was governed by the Hindu Shahis and local Rajputs.

A section of the Lahore Fort built past the Mughal emperor Akbar

In 1001, Mahmud of Ghazni began a series of raids which culminated in establishing Ghaznavid rule across the Punjab by 1026. The Ghaznavids, a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin,^{[27] [b] [28]} reigned until 1186 when they were defeated and replaced by the Ghurid dynasty, of Iranian descent from the Ghor region of present-day key Afghanistan.^[29]

Late (1206–1526) [edit]

Following the death of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206, the Ghurid country fragmented and was replaced in northern Republic of india by the Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the Punjab for the next three hundred years, led past v unrelated dynasties, the Mamluks, Khalajis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodis.

Modern period [edit]

Early (1526–1858) [edit]

In 1526, the Delhi Sultanate was conquered and succeeded past the Turko-Mongol Mughal Empire. The Mughals established prosperity, growth, and relative peace, particularly under the reign of Jahangir. The flow was also notable for the emergence of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism.

The Afghan forces of the Durrani Empire (also known equally the Afghan Empire), under the control of Ahmad Shah Durrani, entered Punjab in 1749 and captured Kashmir and Punja, with Lahore governed by Pashtuns. In 1758, Punjab came under the rule of Marathas, who captured the region past defeating the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Following the Third Battle of Panipat against the Marathas, the Durranis regained their power and dominion over the Punjab region and Kashmir Valley. Abdali'southward Indian invasion weakened Maratha influence.

Later the death of Ahmad Shah, Punjab was freed from Afghan rule past Sikhs for a brief period between 1773 and 1818. At the time of the formation of the Dal Khalsa in 1748 at Amritsar, Punjab had been divided into 36 areas and 12 separate Sikh principalities, called Misl. From this point onward, the beginnings of a Punjabi Sikh Empire emerged. Of the 36 areas, 22 were united past Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The other 14 accepted East Bharat Company sovereignty. Afterwards Ranjit Singh'south expiry, assassinations and internal divisions severely weakened the empire. Six years later, the British East Republic of india Company was given^{[ who? ]} an excuse to declare state of war, and in 1849, following the beginning and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars, Punjab was annexed past the East India Company. In the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Sikh rulers backed the Due east Republic of india Company, providing troops and support.^[xxx] This support proved vital in the Boxing of Jhelum, where mutineers killed xxx-v soldiers from the 35 Regiment of Pes, and in Ludhiana, where a rebellion was defeated with the assistance of the Punjab chiefs of Nabha and Malerkotla.

1858 to nowadays [edit]

The British Raj had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new arrangement of teaching. During the independence move, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai. At the time of partition in 1947, the province was divide into East and Westward Punjab. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan.^[31] The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following partition, with casualties estimated to exist in the millions.^{[32] [33] [34] [35]}

Timeline [edit]

• 3300–1500 BCE: Indus Valley Civilisation
• 1500–one thousand BCE: (Rigvedic) Vedic civilisation
• m–500 BCE: Middle and late Vedic Period
• 326 BCE: Alexander'due south Invasion of Punjab
• 322–298 BCE: Chandragupta I, Maurya period
• 273–232 BCE: Reign of Ashoka
• 125–160 BCE: Rise of the Sakas (Scythians)
• 2 BCE: First of Rule of the Sakas
• 45–180: Rule of the Kushans
• 320–550: Gupta Empire
  • 500: Hunnic Invasion
• 510–650: Vardhana'due south era
• 711–713: Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Sindh and a pocket-sized role of Punjab region
• 713–1200: Rajput states, Kabul Shahi and small Muslim kingdoms
• 1206–1290: Mamluk dynasty established by Mohammad Ghori
• 1290–1320: Khalji dynasty established past Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji
• 1320–1413: Tughlaq dynasty established by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
• 1414–1451: Sayyid dynasty established past Khizr Khan
• 1451–1526: Lodhi dynasty established past Bahlul Khan Lodhi
  • 1469–1539: Guru Nanak
• 1526–1707: Mughal dominion
  • 1526–1530: Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur
  • 1530–1540: Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun
  • 1540–1545: Sher Shah Suri of Transitional islamic state of afghanistan
  • 1545–1554: Islam Shah Suri
  • 1555–1556: Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun
  • 1556–1556: Hem Chandra Vikramaditya
  • 1556–1605: Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar
  • 1605–1627: Nooruddin Muhammad Jahangir
  • 1627–1658: Shahaabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan
  • 1658–1707: Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir
  • 1539–1675: Period of 8 Sikh Gurus from Guru Angad Dev to Guru Tegh Bahadur
  • 1675–1708: Guru Gobind Singh (tenth Sikh Guru)
    • 1699: Nativity of the Khalsa
• 1708–1713: Conquests of Banda Bahadur
• 1714–1759: Sikh chiefs (Sardars) state of war against Afghans and Mughal governors
  • 1722: Birth of Ahmed Shah Durrani, either in Multan in the Mughal Empire or Herat in Afghanistan
  • 1739: Invasion by Nader Shah and defeat of the weakened Mughal Empire
• 1747–1772: Durrani Empire led by Ahmad Shah Durrani
  • 1756–1759: Sikh and Maratha Empire cooperation in the Punjab
  • 1761: The Third Battle of Panipat, between the Durrani Empire and the Maratha Empire.
  • 1762: 2nd massacre (Ghalughara) from Ahmed Shah'due south 2nd invasion
• 1765–1801: Rise of the Sikh Misls, who gained command of significant swathes of Punjab
• 1801–1839: Sikh Empire, likewise known every bit Sarkar Khalsa, ruled by Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• 1845–1846: Offset Anglo-Sikh War
• 1846: Jammu joined the new land of Jammu and Kashmir
• 1848–1849: Second Anglo-Sikh War
• 1849: Complete annexation of Punjab into British Republic of india
• 1849–1947: British rule
  • 1901: Peshawar and bordering districts dissever from the Punjab Province
  • 1911: Parts of Delhi separate from Punjab Province
• 1947: The Partition of India divided Punjab into two parts: the Eastern side, with two rivers, became the Indian Punjab; and the Western side, with iii rivers, became the Pakistan Punjab.
• 1966: Indian Punjab divided into iii parts: Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh
• 1973–1995: Punjab insurgency

Political geography [edit]

16th century [edit]

In the 16th century, during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar, the term Punjab was synonymous with the Lahore province. It covered a relatively smaller expanse lying between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.^[10]

19th century [edit]

The 19th-century definition of the Punjab region focuses on the collapse of the Sikh Empire and the creation of the British Punjab province between 1846 and 1849. According to this definition, the Punjab region incorporates, in today'due south Pakistan, Azad Kashmir including Bhimber and Mirpur^[36] and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (especially Peshawar,^[37] known in the Punjab region as Pishore).^[38] In India, the wider definition includes parts of Delhi and Jammu Division.^{[39] [40] [41]}

Using the older definition, the Punjab region covers a big territory and can be divided into 5 natural areas:^[nine]

1. the eastern mountainous region including Jammu Division, Kangra-Bilaspur valley and Azad Kashmir;
2. the trans-Indus region including Peshawar;
3. the central plainly with its v rivers;
4. the northward-western region, separated from the central plain past the Salt Range between the Jhelum and the Indus rivers;
5. the semi-desert to the south of the Sutlej river.

The formation of the Himalayan Range of mountains to the eastward and northward-east of Punjab is the result of a collision between the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The plates are notwithstanding moving together, and the Himalayas are rise by nigh 5 millimetres (0.2 in) per year.

The upper regions are snow-covered the whole year. Lower ranges of hills run parallel to the mountains. The Lower Himalayan Range runs from north of Rawalpindi through Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and further southward. The mountains are relatively young and are eroding rapidly. The Indus and the 5 rivers of Punjab have their sources in the mountain range and carry loam, minerals and silt down to the rich alluvial plains, which consequently are very fertile.^[42]

Major cities [edit]

Historically, Lahore has been the upper-case letter of the Punjab region and continues to be the most populous city in the region at 11 meg cities' proper population. Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, and Chandigarh are all the other cities in Punjab with a city proper population of over a meg.

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Chandigarh

1947 partition [edit]

The 1947 definition defines the Punjab region with reference to the dissolution of British India, whereby the then British Punjab Province was partitioned between what would go India and Pakistan. In Pakistan, the region now includes the Punjab province and Islamabad Capital Territory. In Bharat, information technology includes the Punjab land, Chandigarh, Haryana,^[43] and Himachal Pradesh.

Nowadays-day maps [edit]

• 

  Punjab, Pakistan

• 

  Punjab, India, 2014

• 

  Haryana, Bharat

• 

  Himachal Pradesh, India

Major cities [edit]

Using the 1947 definition of the Punjab region, some of the major cities of the area include Lahore, Faisalabad, Ludhiana and Amritsar.

• 

  Badshahi Mosque, Lahore

• 

  Golden Temple, Amritsar

• 

  Clock Belfry, Faisalabad

• 

  Aerial view of Multan Ghanta Ghar chawk

• 

  Open Manus monument, Chandigarh

• 

  Faisal Masjid (Margalla Hills)

Greater Punjab [edit]

Another definition of the Punjab region adds to the definitions cited to a higher place and includes parts of Rajasthan on linguistic lines and takes into consideration the location of the Punjab rivers in ancient times.^{[44] [45] [46] [47]} In detail, the Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts are included in the Punjab region.^[48]

• 

  Anupgarh fort in Anupgarh city

Climate [edit]

The snow-covered Himalayas

The climate has significant touch on on the economy of Punjab, particularly for agriculture in the region. Climate is non uniform over the whole region, every bit the sections adjacent to the Himalayas generally receive heavier rainfall than those at a distance.^[49]

There are three master seasons and two transitional periods. During the hot season from mid-April to the terminate of June, the temperature may achieve 49 °C (120 °F). The monsoon flavor, from July to September, is a catamenia of heavy rainfall, providing water for crops in improver to the supply from canals and irrigation systems. The transitional period after the monsoon is cool and balmy, leading to the wintertime season, when the temperature in January falls to 5 °C (41 °F) at night and 12 °C (54 °F) by twenty-four hour period. During the transitional menstruation from wintertime to the hot season, sudden hailstorms and heavy showers may occur, causing damage to crops.^[fifty]

Western Punjab [edit]

Climate data for Islamabad (1961–1990)
Month	January	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	thirty.ane (86.2)	xxx.5 (86.ix)	36.0 (96.8)	xl.6 (105.1)	45.vi (114.1)	46.six (115.9)	45.0 (113.0)	42.0 (107.6)	38.1 (100.vi)	37.5 (99.v)	32.two (ninety.0)	28.three (82.9)	46.half dozen (115.9)
Average high °C (°F)	17.7 (63.9)	19.1 (66.4)	23.ix (75.0)	xxx.one (86.two)	35.3 (95.5)	38.7 (101.7)	35.0 (95.0)	33.4 (92.1)	33.5 (92.3)	xxx.ix (87.six)	25.4 (77.7)	19.seven (67.five)	28.vi (83.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	x.i (50.two)	12.1 (53.8)	16.9 (62.4)	22.half-dozen (72.7)	27.5 (81.five)	31.two (88.ii)	29.vii (85.5)	28.5 (83.3)	27.0 (80.vi)	22.4 (72.3)	16.v (61.7)	11.6 (52.9)	21.3 (lxx.3)
Average low °C (°F)	2.6 (36.7)	5.i (41.two)	9.9 (49.8)	xv.0 (59.0)	19.7 (67.5)	23.7 (74.vii)	24.3 (75.vii)	23.5 (74.3)	20.6 (69.1)	13.9 (57.0)	7.5 (45.five)	iii.four (38.1)	xiv.1 (57.iv)
Record depression °C (°F)	−3.ix (25.0)	−two.0 (28.iv)	−0.3 (31.v)	5.1 (41.2)	10.five (50.nine)	fifteen.0 (59.0)	17.8 (64.0)	17.0 (62.6)	13.3 (55.9)	5.7 (42.3)	−0.6 (30.nine)	−2.8 (27.0)	−three.nine (25.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	67.1 (2.64)	89.5 (iii.52)	129.viii (5.eleven)	61.8 (2.43)	39.ii (1.54)	148.2 (5.83)	368.0 (14.49)	334.v (thirteen.17)	151.two (5.95)	44.3 (1.74)	17.8 (0.70)	24.3 (0.96)	ane,475.seven (58.08)
Hateful monthly sunshine hours	195.7	187.1	202.3	252.iv	311.ix	300.1	264.4	250.7	262.2	275.5	247.9	195.6	2,945.8
Source one: NOAA (normals)[51]
Source 2: PMD (extremes)[52]

Central Punjab [edit]

Climate data for Lahore (1961–1990), extremes (1931–2018)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	October	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	27.8 (82.0)	33.three (91.nine)	37.8 (100.0)	46.1 (115.0)	48.3 (118.nine)	47.two (117.0)	46.one (115.0)	42.8 (109.0)	41.seven (107.1)	xl.vi (105.i)	35.0 (95.0)	30.0 (86.0)	48.three (118.9)
Average high °C (°F)	19.8 (67.vi)	22.0 (71.6)	27.1 (80.viii)	33.9 (93.0)	38.6 (101.five)	twoscore.4 (104.seven)	36.i (97.0)	35.0 (95.0)	35.0 (95.0)	32.9 (91.2)	27.4 (81.3)	21.half-dozen (lxx.ix)	30.8 (87.4)
Daily hateful °C (°F)	12.eight (55.0)	xv.4 (59.vii)	20.5 (68.9)	26.8 (80.2)	31.ii (88.2)	33.9 (93.0)	31.5 (88.vii)	30.7 (87.3)	29.vii (85.5)	25.6 (78.1)	19.5 (67.1)	14.2 (57.six)	24.iii (75.8)
Boilerplate low °C (°F)	5.nine (42.6)	8.ix (48.0)	14.0 (57.two)	19.6 (67.iii)	23.seven (74.7)	27.iv (81.3)	26.ix (eighty.4)	26.4 (79.v)	24.four (75.nine)	eighteen.2 (64.8)	11.6 (52.9)	vi.eight (44.2)	17.eight (64.0)
Tape low °C (°F)	−2.2 (28.0)	0.0 (32.0)	2.eight (37.0)	ten.0 (50.0)	14.0 (57.2)	18.0 (64.4)	xx.0 (68.0)	19.0 (66.2)	sixteen.vii (62.1)	eight.three (46.9)	1.7 (35.i)	−1.ane (xxx.0)	−2.two (28.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	34.0 (1.34)	31.6 (ane.24)	98.2 (3.87)	xix.seven (0.78)	22.four (0.88)	122.3 (4.81)	214.1 (8.43)	204.9 (viii.07)	61.1 (two.41)	12.4 (0.49)	iv.2 (0.17)	13.9 (0.55)	838.8 (33.04)
Hateful monthly sunshine hours	218.viii	215.0	245.8	276.6	308.3	269.0	227.5	234.9	265.6	290.0	259.6	222.9	3,034
Source one: NOAA (1961-1990) [53]
Source ii: PMD[54]

Eastern Punjab [edit]

v t e Climate data for Chandigarh (1961–1990, extremes 1954–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	November	Dec	Year
Tape high °C (°F)	27.7 (81.9)	32.8 (91.0)	37.eight (100.0)	42.vi (108.7)	44.half dozen (112.3)	45.3 (113.v)	42.0 (107.half dozen)	39.0 (102.2)	37.5 (99.5)	37.0 (98.6)	34.0 (93.ii)	28.5 (83.3)	45.three (113.5)
Average loftier °C (°F)	20.5 (68.ix)	23.0 (73.4)	28.iv (83.1)	34.6 (94.3)	38.iii (100.9)	38.three (100.9)	34.1 (93.four)	32.eight (91.0)	33.three (91.9)	32.3 (90.1)	27.iv (81.3)	21.9 (71.4)	30.4 (86.7)
Average depression °C (°F)	5.5 (41.9)	8.1 (46.six)	13.0 (55.iv)	18.8 (65.viii)	23.0 (73.four)	24.ix (76.8)	23.7 (74.vii)	23.2 (73.eight)	21.vii (71.1)	17.ii (63.0)	x.6 (51.1)	half-dozen.4 (43.five)	16.iii (61.iii)
Record low °C (°F)	0.0 (32.0)	0.0 (32.0)	4.two (39.half dozen)	vii.8 (46.0)	13.4 (56.1)	14.8 (58.half dozen)	fourteen.2 (57.6)	17.2 (63.0)	14.3 (57.7)	9.4 (48.9)	iii.7 (38.seven)	0.0 (32.0)	0.0 (32.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	43.iii (1.70)	44.ii (1.74)	thirty.5 (1.20)	11.7 (0.46)	28.9 (1.14)	131.8 (5.nineteen)	278.1 (x.95)	289.0 (eleven.38)	158.2 (6.23)	22.8 (0.90)	6.4 (0.25)	19.two (0.76)	1,064.ane (41.89)
Average rainy days	2.8	2.vii	ii.0	0.8	i.vi	5.v	x.8	10.9	4.viii	1.4	0.8	i.4	45.5
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)	47	42	34	23	23	39	62	lxx	59	40	40	46	44
Source: India Meteorological Department[55] [56]

Demographics [edit]

Languages [edit]

The major linguistic communication is Punjabi, which is written in India with the Gurmukhi script, and in Pakistan using the Shahmukhi script.^[60] The Panjabi language has official status and is widely used in education and administration in Indian Punjab, whereas in Pakistani Punjab these roles are instead fulfilled by the Urdu language.

Several languages closely related to Punjabi are spoken in the periphery of the region. In the southwestern half of Pakistani Punjab, the bulk language is Saraiki, while in the north there are speakers of Hindko and Pothwari. Within India, Dogri is spoken in the northernmost parts of the region, and Bagri in the extreme south-east.

Religions [edit]

The Punjabi people first skillful Hinduism, the oldest recorded organized religion in the Punjab region.^[61] An ancient Indian law book chosen the Manusmriti, developed past Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward.^[62] The spread of Buddhsim and Jainism in Bharat saw many Hindu Punjabis adopting the Buddhist and Jain faith though the pass up of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent resulted in Punjab becoming a Hindu society over again, though Jainism connected every bit a minority religion.^{[63] [64]} The arrival of Islam in medieval India resulted in the conversion of some Hindu Punjabis to Islam,^{[65] [62]} and the rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh religion.^{[62] [66]} A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of Bharat became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity at present found in the Punjab region.^[62]

In the present-day, the vast bulk of Pakistani Punjabis are Sunni Muslim by organized religion, simply also include pregnant minority faiths, such every bit Shia Muslims, Ahmadi Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Christians.

Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak is the main religion practised in the mail-1966 Indian Punjab state. Most 57.7% of the population of Punjab land is Sikh, 38.v% is Hindu, with the remaining population including Muslims, Christians, and Jains.^[67] Punjab state contains the holy Sikh cities of Amritsar, Anandpur Sahib, Tarn Taran Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib and Chamkaur Sahib.

The Punjab was home to several Sufi saints, and Sufism is well established in the region.^[68] Too, Kirpal Singh revered the Sikh Gurus as saints.^[69]

Population trends for major religious groups in the Punjab Province of British India (1881–1941)^[lxx]

Religious grouping	Population % 1881	Population % 1891	Population % 1901	Population % 1911	Population % 1921	Population % 1931	Population % 1941
Islam	47.half-dozen%	47.8%	49.half dozen%	51.1%	51.1%	52.iv%	53.2%
Hinduism	43.viii%	43.six%	41.3%	35.8%	35.ane%	thirty.two%	29.ane%
Sikhism	8.2%	8.2%	eight.vi%	12.1%	12.4%	xiv.3%	fourteen.9%
Christianity	0.ane%	0.2%	0.3%	0.8%	1.iii%	1.5%	1.5%
Other religions / No religion	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.ane%	one.6%	1.three%

Punjab region religious diversity (estimates from combining 2011 Indian census and 2017 Pakistani census) ^{[57] [58] [59]}

Religion	Estimated population	Estimated percentage
Islam	114.i one thousand thousand	threescore%
Hinduism	54.1 1000000	29%
Sikhism	18.0 meg	ten%
Christianity	2.7 million	ane%
Others	0.6 million	0%
Full Population	189.8 million	100%

Culture [edit]

Festivals [edit]

Punjabis gloat different festivals based on their following civilisation, season and religion:

Sikhism and Hinduism

• Maghi
• Lohri
• Maha Shivratri
• Holi
• Vaisakhi
• Teeyan
• Raksha Bandhan
• Diwali
• Gurpurab
• Hola Mohalla
• Mela Chiraghan
• Bandi Chhor Divas
• Dussehra
• Karwa Chauth
• Navratri
• Basant

Islam

• Basant
• Shab-e-Miraj
• Eid al-Fitr
• Eid al-Adha

Others

• Christmas

Clothing [edit]

Traditional Punjabi clothing differs depending on the region. Information technology includes the following:

• Salwar
• Patiala salwar
• Panjabi Tamba and Kurta
• Phulkari
• Panjabi ghagra
• Shalwar kameez
• Kurta

Economy [edit]

The historical region of Punjab is considered to exist one of the most fertile regions on World. Both eastward and west Punjab produce a relatively high proportion of India and Pakistan's food output respectively. The region has been used for extensive wheat farming. In addition, rice, cotton fiber, sugarcane, fruit, and vegetables are also grown.^[71]

The farm production of the Punjab region in Pakistan contributes significantly to Pakistan's GDP. Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab is considered to accept the best infrastructure of their respective countries. The Indian state of Punjab is currently the 16th richest state or the 8th richest large state of India. Pakistani Punjab produces 68% of Islamic republic of pakistan's foodgrain production.^[72] Its share of Pakistan's GDP has historically ranged from 51.viii% to 54.vii%.^[73]

Called "The Granary of India" or "The Breadstuff Handbasket of India," Indian Punjab produces i% of the world's rice, 2% of its wheat, and two% of its cotton.^[74] In 2001, it was recorded that farmers made upward 39% of Indian Punjab'due south workforce.^[75] In the Punjab region of Pakistan, 42.iii% of the labour forcefulness is engaged in the agriculture sector. ^[76]

Alternatively, Punjab is also adding to the economy with the increase in employment of Punjab youth in the private sector. Regime schemes such as 'Ghar Ghar Rozgar and Karobar Mission' accept brought enhanced employability in the individual sector. Then far, 32,420 youths have been placed in unlike jobs and 12,114 have been skill-trained.^[77]

Environment [edit]

Three Punjab cities; Bathinda, Patiala and Ferozepur, were featured in a list of the top 100 cleanest cities of Republic of india from a Swachh Survekshan written report released in Baronial 2020.^[78]

See also [edit]

• Sattagydia
• Chak (village)
• Dhani (settlement type)
• Jallianwala bagh
• Music of Punjab
• Panjabi cuisine
• Panjabi dance

Notes [edit]

1. ^ From Persian پنج panj—meaning "five"—and آب âb—meaning "water" or "river". Thus, Panjâb, پنجاب or Panj-Âb, پنج‌آب translates every bit "v waters".^[9]
2. ^ The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...^[27]

References [edit]

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21. ^ Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Artifact to the Present Time. Calcultta Fundamental Press Company. p. 1. The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, panj (v), an áb (water, having reference to the five rivers which confer on the land its distinguishing features."
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23. ^ Buddha Parkash, Development of Heroic Tradition in Aboriginal Panjab, p 36.
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26. ^ ^{a b} Ahir, D. C. (1971). Buddhism in the Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Maha Bodhi Society of India. p. 31. OCLC 1288206. Demetrius died in 166 B.C., and Apollodotus, who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. Later on his death, Menander carved out a kingdom in Punjab. Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his expiry in 145 B.C. or 130 B.C.
27. ^ ^{a b} Levi & Sela 2010, p. 83. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLeviSela2010 (help)
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36. ^ Hutchison, Vogel. 1933. History of Panjab Hill States. "Mirpur was made a part of Jammu and Kashmir in 1846."
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46. ^ encounter the Punjab Doabs
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Further reading [edit]

• Condos, Marker. The Insecurity State: Punjab and the Making of Colonial Ability in British Bharat (2020) excerpt
• Narang, K.S.; Gupta, Dr H.R. (1969). History of the Punjab 1500–1858 (PDF). U. C. Kapur & Sons, Delhi. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
• [Quraishee 73] Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee, Azeez Book Depot, Lahore, 1973.
• [Chopra 77] Punjab as a Sovereign State, Gulshan Lal Chopra, Al-Biruni, Lahore, 1977.
• Patwant Singh. 1999. The Sikhs. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50206-0.
• The Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash.
• Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash.
• History of Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash.
• History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L.K. Joshi (Ed).
• The Legacy of the Punjab, 1997, R.One thousand. Chopra.
• The Ascent Growth and Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, R.Chiliad. Chopra, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi. 2nd revised edition, published in 2013.
• Sims, Holly. "The State and Agricultural Productivity: Continuity versus Change in the Indian and Pakistani Punjabs." Asian Survey, 1 April 1986, Vol. 26(4), pp. 483–500.

External links [edit]

• Official website of Punjab, India
• Official website of Punjab, Pakistan
• Punjab, Republic of india at Curlie
• Punjab, Pakistan at Curlie

rogerswiltat.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab

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